Civilizations & Empires
Major historical civilizations and empires, giving macro context around the Kings, Generals & Presidents section’s individual rulers. Scaffolding pass — 1 example entry.
Mediterranean & Europe
Byzantine Empire— 330 CE (founding of Constantinople) – 1453 CE (fall of Constantinople)
The Byzantine Empire is the name historians later gave to the Roman Empire's eastern half, which outlived the Western Empire's 476 CE collapse by nearly a thousand years. Its own citizens never called themselves 'Byzantines' — they called themselves Romaioi (Romans) and…
Roman Empire— 27 BC – 476 AD (Western); 27 BC – 1453 AD (Eastern/Byzantine)
The Roman Empire began when Octavian (Augustus) became Rome's first emperor in 27 BC, ending nearly five centuries of republican government following Julius Caesar's assassination and the civil wars that followed it. At its territorial height under Trajan (around 117 AD), it…